后冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的泰國(guó)越南人:泰、越關(guān)系的一種橋梁
在20世紀(jì)80年代期間,東南亞的區(qū)域秩序圍繞著泰、越關(guān)系為中心而運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),(30)泰、越關(guān)系的變遷,不僅帶動(dòng)?xùn)|南亞區(qū)域秩序的變動(dòng),也影響泰國(guó)政府對(duì)境內(nèi)越南移民的態(tài)度及政策。
1988年8月4日,察猜(Chatichai Choonhavan)上臺(tái)以后,嘗試改變泰國(guó)對(duì)印支國(guó)家的外交政策,提出著名的“察猜主義”(Chatichai Doctrine),主張經(jīng)貿(mào)為主的外交政策:“business of diplomacy is business”。(31)之后就任總理的川立沛(Chuan Leekpai)政府亦主張,“泰國(guó)是印支的金融門(mén)戶(hù),并扮演印支半島與世界之間的橋梁角色”。(32)泰國(guó)印支政策的基本主軸,已明確地從安全考量轉(zhuǎn)向貿(mào)易及投資。(33)同一時(shí)期,由于喪失蘇聯(lián)的支持,越南對(duì)內(nèi)面臨社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī),對(duì)外遭遇外交孤立與經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁。內(nèi)、外困境迫使越南共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)袖,進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)世界觀的轉(zhuǎn)型革命;(34)他們意識(shí)到必須仰賴(lài)外交關(guān)系來(lái)保持其國(guó)家安全;越南對(duì)外政策的目標(biāo),就著重在提倡國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。為此,越南必須與大多數(shù)的國(guó)家建立友好關(guān)系與經(jīng)濟(jì)連結(jié)。此即越南外交政策上的新思維:避免依賴(lài)單一特定國(guó)家的經(jīng)、軍援助;不管意識(shí)形態(tài),盡可能培養(yǎng)朋友,但避免被任何經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)權(quán)所支配;經(jīng)由外交手段提升越南的安全。(35)在此情形下,河內(nèi)當(dāng)局推動(dòng)一場(chǎng)全面性的改革開(kāi)放政策(Doi Moi)。
隨著泰、越兩國(guó)世界觀的轉(zhuǎn)型,連帶改善兩國(guó)的外交關(guān)系。在20世紀(jì)90年代期間,泰、越兩國(guó)黨政高層有多次互訪(fǎng)及協(xié)定簽署。2013年6月25日至27日,越共總書(shū)記阮富仲(Nguy?n Phú Tr?ng)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)泰國(guó),雙方更是正式建立戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系。正如泰越友好協(xié)會(huì)主席巴蜀猜耶山表示,泰、越關(guān)系正處于最良好的發(fā)展階段,安全、國(guó)防、文化、教育等領(lǐng)域的合作關(guān)系,都得到擴(kuò)大和發(fā)展。其中,越、泰合作關(guān)系,更是有助于促進(jìn)雙邊貿(mào)易和投資關(guān)系。2013年,泰、越雙邊貿(mào)易額已經(jīng)超過(guò)100億美元(參見(jiàn)下頁(yè)表)。泰國(guó)對(duì)越南投資項(xiàng)目則有315個(gè),投資總額達(dá)64億美元。目前,泰國(guó)更是越南的十大投資來(lái)源國(guó)之一。(36)此外,泰、越兩國(guó)的民間社會(huì)互動(dòng)也相當(dāng)熱絡(luò)。其中,泰國(guó)人民到越南旅游,成為他們改變對(duì)越南觀感的重要途徑;而泰國(guó)旅游書(shū)籍對(duì)越南的描寫(xiě),就是態(tài)度變遷的最佳例證。過(guò)去,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是影響泰國(guó)人對(duì)越南態(tài)度的主要因素,現(xiàn)在,許多旅游書(shū)籍都將越南描述為富含歷史文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)放的國(guó)家。顯然,越南已經(jīng)從冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期影響泰國(guó)國(guó)家安全與領(lǐng)土完整的主要“敵人”,變成后冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期泰國(guó)尋求共同合作發(fā)展的“朋友”。
由于泰、越關(guān)系邁向正?;l(fā)展,雙方開(kāi)始思考越南難民問(wèn)題的解決。1990年5月29日,泰國(guó)政府通過(guò)第一個(gè)關(guān)于泰國(guó)越南人的內(nèi)閣決議,建議授予泰國(guó)國(guó)籍給泰國(guó)境內(nèi)出生的越南孩童。1991年10月,越南總理武文杰訪(fǎng)問(wèn)泰國(guó)時(shí),曾對(duì)于越南難民的國(guó)籍問(wèn)題展開(kāi)談判。1992年,泰國(guó)政府決定授予泰國(guó)公民身份,給第二代及第三代的越南難民。(37)根據(jù)Sripana的研究,在1993年至2004年10月的12年間,泰國(guó)政府至少實(shí)施過(guò)26次授予法律地位的程序,共計(jì)有25,597名越南人取得法律地位。盡管如此,并非所有泰國(guó)的越南人都被授予法律地位,主要有以下四個(gè)原因:缺乏相關(guān)文件,例如出生證明、繳稅收據(jù)、職業(yè)文件或工作證等;行政官僚作業(yè)程序的延遲;國(guó)家安全單位懷疑越南人的忠誠(chéng)問(wèn)題;國(guó)內(nèi)政治變遷導(dǎo)致內(nèi)政部官員的更迭。(38)
因此,泰國(guó)內(nèi)政部在2005年12月決定,重新開(kāi)始自2003年10月就已經(jīng)中斷的授予泰國(guó)越南人法律地位的程序。這對(duì)泰國(guó)的越南人是相當(dāng)重要的,代表泰國(guó)越南人享有和泰國(guó)人同樣的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、教育等各方面的權(quán)利;同時(shí),提供泰國(guó)越南人同化到泰國(guó)社會(huì)的一種管道。首先,就經(jīng)濟(jì)面向而言,泰國(guó)政府一向禁止非泰國(guó)人擁有土地,及控制任何商業(yè)上的利益;如今公民身份的取得,不僅有助于工作的選擇,更意味著掌握財(cái)產(chǎn)與經(jīng)濟(jì)資本的權(quán)利。其次,就政治面向而言,公民身份的取得,就等于取得參與政治的權(quán)利,包括投票、國(guó)家層次與地方層次的競(jìng)選活動(dòng)等,甚至因此進(jìn)入泰國(guó)的政治圈。最后,就文化面向而言,法律地位的取得提升越南人正當(dāng)性的權(quán)利,有助于越南文化被泰國(guó)社會(huì)承認(rèn)及尊重。例如,胡志明紀(jì)念館(H? Chí Minh Memorial House)及泰、越友誼村(Thai-Vietnamese Friendship Village)的順利建立,證明泰國(guó)社會(huì)對(duì)越南人及越南文化的接受。過(guò)去在泰國(guó)族主義的教條下,胡志明的住所及泰國(guó)越南人都代表一種非泰(non-Thai)意涵,造成泰國(guó)越南人對(duì)胡志明的崇拜,遭遇當(dāng)?shù)靥﹪?guó)社會(huì)以國(guó)族主義之名而進(jìn)行批判。(39)
此外,在各界人士、旅泰越南人協(xié)會(huì)及泰國(guó)政府的幫助下,旅泰越南人擁有許多學(xué)習(xí)越語(yǔ)場(chǎng)所。例如廊開(kāi)府首間教授越語(yǔ)的學(xué)校于2009年底建成,滿(mǎn)足當(dāng)?shù)?00戶(hù)越南家庭的需求。廊開(kāi)府越僑梅文正表示,辦學(xué)是為了傳授越語(yǔ),讓子孫后代會(huì)說(shuō)越語(yǔ),心系祖國(guó),并繼承越南人的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗,使他們牢記自己的越南根。(40)語(yǔ)言是維持文化認(rèn)同與族群認(rèn)同最主要的元素,泰國(guó)政府協(xié)助越語(yǔ)教育的發(fā)展,亦可見(jiàn)泰國(guó)官方態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。就社會(huì)面向而言,法律地位的取得,代表泰國(guó)越南人得以參與社會(huì)組織活動(dòng),包括各種越南人協(xié)會(huì)等,有助于提升他們的社會(huì)地位。(41)
同樣地,越南政府對(duì)于旅居海外的越南人的態(tài)度亦有所轉(zhuǎn)變,認(rèn)為海外越南人對(duì)于國(guó)家發(fā)展具有重要性,鼓勵(lì)他們參與國(guó)家建設(shè)與發(fā)展越南的對(duì)外關(guān)系;越南政府不僅設(shè)置海外越南人的工作組織與結(jié)構(gòu),例如外交部轄下的海外越南人國(guó)家委員會(huì),負(fù)責(zé)與海外越南人相關(guān)的各項(xiàng)事宜。關(guān)于國(guó)籍方面,越南正考慮修訂國(guó)籍法及指導(dǎo)文件,允許海外越南人在具有他國(guó)之國(guó)籍時(shí),也能保留越南國(guó)籍。對(duì)于海外越南人的法律地位,越南政府則通過(guò)各項(xiàng)國(guó)際條約、法律互助協(xié)定等方式,為海外越南人在法律地位上創(chuàng)造有利的條件。2007年7月25日,越南總理就簽署建立海外越南人公民與實(shí)體保護(hù)的決議(Decision to Establish the Citizen and Entity Protection for Oversea Vietnamese)。(42)
從越南的角度來(lái)看,海外越南人是越南人民力量來(lái)源不可或缺的一部分,是越南與其他國(guó)家之間,有助于強(qiáng)化友好關(guān)系與合作的重要因素;從泰國(guó)的角度來(lái)看,隨著國(guó)籍與公民身份的授予,泰國(guó)越南人已然是泰國(guó)族共同體的一部分。由此顯見(jiàn),隨著泰、越兩國(guó)政府對(duì)于泰國(guó)越南人態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變,使其更能在雙邊關(guān)系上扮演中介角色。
結(jié)語(yǔ):從“局外人”到“局內(nèi)人”
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后,泰國(guó)政權(quán)改由軍人掌控,軍人政權(quán)要仰賴(lài)美國(guó)的認(rèn)可來(lái)取得正當(dāng)性,必須服膺美國(guó)的反共政策;此時(shí),法國(guó)從過(guò)去的敵人變成盟友,越南則從過(guò)去的志同道合者變成敵人。這種認(rèn)知的變遷,改變了泰國(guó)政府對(duì)越南移民的態(tài)度。越南移民被美國(guó)及泰國(guó)刻畫(huà)成共產(chǎn)主義擴(kuò)散的先鋒部隊(duì),因而受到集中管理、限制移動(dòng),甚至予以遣返。
冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,隨著區(qū)域局勢(shì)邁向和平,泰國(guó)政府認(rèn)為國(guó)家安全的外部威脅大致上已經(jīng)消失,取而代之的是謀求與越南建立經(jīng)濟(jì)合作關(guān)系。與此相應(yīng),越南移民就從泰國(guó)的“內(nèi)部敵人”轉(zhuǎn)變成構(gòu)成國(guó)族共同體的一分子。此外,戰(zhàn)后越南移民進(jìn)入泰國(guó)以后,抱持的想法多是短暫停留,最終還是要返回祖國(guó)越南;因而對(duì)越南仍保持著強(qiáng)烈的祖國(guó)認(rèn)同,這對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)同質(zhì)性的泰國(guó)族共同體而言,無(wú)疑是要排除的對(duì)象。
此后,泰國(guó)官方越來(lái)越多地協(xié)助越南移民保存越南文化,一個(gè)重要原因是泰國(guó)官方出現(xiàn)多元文化的傾向,更重要的原因是為鞏固泰、越之友好關(guān)系。隨著泰、越雙邊關(guān)系日趨緊密,泰國(guó)越南人將在外交關(guān)系上發(fā)揮更大的影響力。同樣地,由于泰國(guó)越南人取得公民身份者逐漸增多,未來(lái)也將在國(guó)內(nèi)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)等方面,形成一股不可忽視的勢(shì)力。總的來(lái)說(shuō),目前泰國(guó)越南人的角色,已經(jīng)逐漸從泰國(guó)族共同體的“局外人”變成“局內(nèi)人”。
注釋
①旅居海外的越南人稱(chēng)為Ng??i Vi?t H?i Ngo?i(海外越人)或Vi?t Ki?u(越僑),亦即Overseas Vietnam。基本上,泰國(guó)的越僑可以粗略分為“舊越僑”(Old Vi?t Ki?u, or Vi?t Ki?u Cu, Vi?t Cu)及“新越僑”(New Vi?t Ki?u, or Vi?t Ki?u Moi, Vi?t Moi)兩類(lèi)。所謂“舊越僑”是指第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以前抵達(dá)泰國(guó)的越南人,因其移入泰國(guó)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),久受泰國(guó)文化影響,實(shí)際上已經(jīng)被同化,與泰人差別不大;相對(duì)地,“新越僑”則是指第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后抵達(dá)泰國(guó)的越南人,也就是泰國(guó)內(nèi)政部所稱(chēng)的“越南難民”(Vietnamese Refugees)或“新越南人”(Yuan Mai),大多集中在東北部的伊森地區(qū)。
②⑥"Ngh? quy?t s? 36/NQ-TW ngày 26/3/2004 c?a B? Chính tr? v? công tác ??i v?i ng??i Vi?t Nam ? n??c ngoài," T?p chí Quê H??ng trên Internet, April 2, 2004. Retrieved from http://quehuongonline.vn/VietNam/Home/Van-ban-phap-luat/2004/04/1814A7D0/.
③根據(jù)Louis-Jacqes Dorais在2001年發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)指出,旅居美國(guó)的越南人約占總數(shù)的55%,旅居法國(guó)者約有40萬(wàn)人,約占15%,旅居中國(guó)者約有30萬(wàn)人,約占11%,旅居澳洲及加拿大者約各有20萬(wàn)人,約各占7%。Louis-Jacqes Dorais, "Defining the Overseas Vietnamese," Diaspora, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2001), p. 3.
④梁志明、游名謙:《當(dāng)代海外越南人的分布與發(fā)展?fàn)顩r研究》,《南洋問(wèn)題研究》,2004年第2期,第16~17頁(yè)。
⑤在有限的研究文獻(xiàn)里,又以Peter A. Poole與Christopher E. Goscha的研究著作最為重要。簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō),Poole不僅從歷史的角度說(shuō)明越南人移入泰國(guó)的歷史過(guò)程及其數(shù)量、分布地區(qū)、地位等,同時(shí),也探討泰國(guó)對(duì)外關(guān)系中的越南難民問(wèn)題,包括就難民遣返議題與南、北越政府的談判過(guò)程與結(jié)果。同樣地,Goscha除論及越南人移入泰國(guó)的歷史過(guò)程以外,更深入研究泰國(guó)在越南歷次革命行動(dòng)中所扮演的重要角色。然而,兩位學(xué)者的共同之處則是研究時(shí)間僅止于20世紀(jì)70年代以前。自20世紀(jì)80年代起,隨著國(guó)際環(huán)境與東南亞區(qū)域局勢(shì)的變遷,旅泰越南人的地位也產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)變,不過(guò),現(xiàn)有的相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn)則僅有Thanyathip Sripana的論著而已。Christopher E. Goscha, Thailand and the Southeast Asian Networks of the Vietnamese Revolution, 1885-1954, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999; Peter A. Poole, "Thailand's Vietnamese Minority," Asian Survey, Vol. 7, No. 12 (December 1967), pp. 886-895; Peter A. Poole, "Thailand's Vietnamese Refugees: Can They Be Assimilated?," Pacific Affairs, Vol. 40, No. 3/4 (Autumn 1967-Winter 1967-1968), pp. 324-332; Peter A. Poole, "The Vietnamese in Cambodia and Thailand: The Role in Interstate Relation," Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 4 (April 1974), pp. 325-337;
⑦Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso, 1983; Eric J. Hobsbawm, "Introduction: Inventing Traditions," in Eric J. Hobsbawm and Terence O. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 1-14.
⑧?Thongchai Winichakul, Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994, pp. 3-5.
⑨Walker Connor, "A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group, Is a …," Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1978), pp. 377-400.
⑩Clifford Geertz, "The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States," in Clifford Geertz (ed.), Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, New York: Free Press, 1963, pp. 105-157.
?此即Anthony D. Smith所謂的“族裔國(guó)族主義”(ethnic nationalism)。 Anthony D. Smith, National Identity, Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991, p. 43.
???Anna Triandafyllidou, "National Identity and the 'Other'," Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 21, No. 4 (1998), pp. 596-603, p. 603.
?Likhit Dhiravegin, "Nationalism and the State in Thailand," in Thai Politics: Selected Aspects of Development and Change, Bangkok: Tri-Sciences Publishing House, 1985, p. 400.
(17)(18)Rogers Brubaker, "National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External National Homelands in the New Europe: Notes toward a Relational Analysis," paper prepared for the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Miami, August 17, 1993; Rogers Brubaker, "National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External National Homelands in the New Europe," Daedalus, Vol. 124, No. 2 (Spring 1995), pp. 107-132; Rogers Brubaker, "National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External National Homelands in the New Europe," in Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 55-78.
(19)(23)(26)E. Thadeus Flood, "The Vietnamese Refugees in Thailand: Minority Manipulation in Counterinsurgency," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 9, No. 3 (July-September 1977), p. 37, p. 38, p. 38.
(20)1951年,泰國(guó)內(nèi)政部公布一連串的法規(guī),要求越南移民在移動(dòng)到其他省份以前,必須獲得地方當(dāng)局的允許。乃拋將軍擔(dān)任警察指揮官以后,越南移民再次被強(qiáng)制安置到8個(gè)東北邊境省份的區(qū)域,然后,未經(jīng)曼谷當(dāng)局的許可,限制移動(dòng)到區(qū)域外;同時(shí),地方當(dāng)局也獲得全權(quán)委托,任何時(shí)候可以不經(jīng)控告與審判而將其入獄。同年,越南難民登記中心(Registration Center of Yuon Oppayop)或越南難民辦公室(office of Yuon Oppayop)也在警政局轄下成立,負(fù)責(zé)收集信息、檔案報(bào)告,起草關(guān)于越南人的相關(guān)法則與條例,以及追蹤其移動(dòng)與活動(dòng)概況。Peter A. Poole, The Vietnamese in Thailand: A Historical Perspective, pp. 46-47; E. Thadeus Flood, op. cit., p. 37; Thanyathip Sripana, "The Light at the End of Tunnel of the Viet Kieu in Thailand," p. 4.
(21)(24)Nicholas Grossman (ed.), Chronicle of Thailand: Headline News since 1946, Bangkok: Bangkok Post, 2009, p. 82, p. 109.
(22)Katherine A. Bowie, Rituals of National Loyal: An Anthropology of the State and the Village Scout Movement in Thailand, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997, pp. 62-63; Kanok Wongtrangan, Communist Revolutionary Process: A Study of the Communist Party of Thailand, Ph. D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 1982, pp. 57-58.
(25)Donald F. Cooper, Thailand: Dictatorship or Democracy?, London: Minerva Press, 1995, p. 229.
(27)Nguyen Vu Tung, "Vietnam-Thailand Relations after the Cold War," in N. Ganesan and Ramses Amer (eds.), International Relations in Southeast Asia between Bilateralism and Multilateralism, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010, p. 73.
(28)Samak Sunthonwet甚至明確指出越南入侵泰國(guó)的三條路線(xiàn):第一,經(jīng)由北部山區(qū),該處是泰、寮、緬邊境交會(huì)之處;第二,從寮國(guó)南部跨過(guò)湄公河抵達(dá)烏汶;第三,經(jīng)由柬埔寨進(jìn)入泰、柬邊境城市亞蘭(Arannya Prathet)。E. Thadeus Flood, op. cit., pp. 41-42.
(29)柬埔寨落入越南的勢(shì)力范圍以后,因越南無(wú)法完全鎮(zhèn)壓反抗武裝勢(shì)力,導(dǎo)致他們流入泰、柬邊境以為庇護(hù)所,并通過(guò)柬、泰邊境居民,取得物資補(bǔ)給以擴(kuò)大勢(shì)力。泰國(guó)對(duì)柬埔寨武裝勢(shì)力的支持,成為越南入侵泰國(guó)之借口,所以,越南大舉陳兵于泰國(guó)邊境,借以對(duì)盤(pán)踞于柬、泰邊境的柬埔寨反抗軍發(fā)動(dòng)軍事攻勢(shì)。這時(shí)期,泰國(guó)的安全威脅可分為幾個(gè)面向:第一,沿著泰、柬邊境的軍事緊張;第二,大量難民的流入;第三,柬埔寨成為越南威脅泰國(guó)的主要基地。Sukhumbhand Paribatra, "Strategic Implications of the Indochina Conflict: Thai Perspectives," Asian Affairs, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Fall 1984), pp. 28-46; Sarasin Viraphol, "Thailand's Perspectives on Its Rivalry with Security," in William S. Turley (ed.), Confrontation Or Coexistence: The Future of ASEAN-Vietnam Relations, Bangkok: Institute of Security and International Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 1985, p. 27.
(30)(37)Surin Maisrikrod, "The Peace Divided in Southeast Asia: The Political Economy of New Thai-Vietnamese Relations," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 16, No. 1 (June 1994), p. 47, p. 50.
(31)察猜宣布:“與鄰國(guó)之間的關(guān)系,例如寮國(guó)及越南,必須改成市場(chǎng)并不是戰(zhàn)場(chǎng),柬埔寨問(wèn)題也是如此。我們需要柬埔寨和平,亦是為了增加邊界的貿(mào)易”;“政治是政治,貿(mào)易是貿(mào)易,兩者不能混為一談;任何人都應(yīng)該可以與其想要的對(duì)象進(jìn)行貿(mào)易”。Bangkok Post, September 9, 1988; Khatharya Um, "Thailand and the Dynamics of Economic and Security Complex in Mainland Southeast Asia," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 13, No. 3 (December 1991), p. 246.
(32)Business Times (Singapore), April 15, 1993.
(33)Khatharya Um, op. cit., pp. 245-270; Marc Innes-Brown and Mark J. Valencia, "Thailand Resource Diplomacy in Indochina and Myanmar," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 14, No. 4 (March 1993), pp. 332-351.
(34)Gareth Porter, "The Transformation of Vietnam's World-view: From Two Camps to Interdependence," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 12, No. 1 (June 1990), pp. 1-19.
(35)Mike Yeong, "New Thinking in Vietnamese Foreign Policy," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 14, No. 3 (December 1992), pp. 257-268; Nguyen Vu Tung, op. cit., pp. 74-79.
(36)《越南與泰國(guó)加強(qiáng)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作關(guān)系》,人民報(bào)網(wǎng)(越南),2013年9月26日,http://cn.nhandan.org.vn/friendshipbridge/vietnam-and-the-world/item/1236501-%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%8E%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB.html。
(38)Thanyathip Sripana, "The Light at the End of Tunnel of the Viet Kieu in Thailand," pp. 5-7.
(39)Nguyen Quoc Toan , "Ho Chi Minh Sites in Thailand: Their Significance and Potential Problems for Thai-Vietnamese Relations," Journal of Mekong Societies, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2008), pp. 77-96.
(40)《旅泰越僑為越泰關(guān)系發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)》,越南之聲廣播電臺(tái),2013年6月26日,http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CC8QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcn.nhandan.org.vn%2Fmobile%2Fmobile_political%2Fmobile_national_review%2Fitem%2F926401.html&ei=gzVEU82dD8qPkgXFsoG4CQ&usg=AFQjCNH7KO2kbSrsGMDxNf0zmXrDclKKLw。
(41)Krishna Thongkaew, Somsak Srisontisuk and Viyouth Chamruspanth, "Viet Kieu Families and Pattern Social Mobility in Thai Society," paper presented in the 9th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, KhonKaen University, Thailand, November 14-15, 2013.
(42)Nguyen Manh Cuong, "Policies for Overseas Vietnamese," paper presented at the Conference on International Migration, Development and Management of Data for Policy Development, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1-2, 2011.
【英文摘要】
The Evolution of "National Community" with the Development of the Southeast Asia Situation
—Historical Analysis of the Situation of Vietnamese Immigrants in Thailand
Gu Changyong Xiao Wenxuan
Abstract: The Vietnamese immigrants who went to Thailand after World War II are not only new immigrants to Thailand, but also one of the many ethnic minorities in the country. The first problem they faced is about how the Thai society (political elites and the general public alike) would look at them, because this will affect what kind of policy the Thai government would adopt. They also had to face the changes in the way they look at Thai society. In understanding the Vietnamese immigrants, the Thai society is often influenced by how it views their motherland Vietnam. Therefore, to explore the situation of the Vietnamese immigrants in Thailand, only when we put them in the context of the Thai ethnic minority politics and international politics, such as Thai nationalism, border politics, and the Cold War system, we can truly grasp the changes in their situation.
Keywords: Thailand, Vietnamese immigrants, minority, national community, the other
【作者簡(jiǎn)介】
顧長(zhǎng)永,臺(tái)灣中山大學(xué)中國(guó)與亞太區(qū)域研究所教授兼所長(zhǎng)。研究方向?yàn)檎伟l(fā)展理論、東南亞政府與制度、國(guó)際組織、亞太區(qū)域研究、比較政黨。主要著作有《越南:巨變的二十年》、《新加坡:蛻變的四十年》、《東南亞政治學(xué)》等。蕭文軒,臺(tái)灣中山大學(xué)中國(guó)與亞太區(qū)域研究所博士后研究。